
Groningen (/ˈɡroʊnɪŋən/ GROH-ning-ən, UK also /ˈɡrɒnɪŋən/ GRON-ing-ən;Dutch: [ˈɣroːnɪŋə(n)] ; Gronings: Grunn or Grunnen [ˈχrʏnn̩]) is the capital city and main municipality of Groningen province in the Netherlands. Dubbed the "capital of the north", Groningen is the largest place as well as the economic and cultural centre of the northern part of the country; as of January 2023, it had 238,147 inhabitants, making it the sixth largest city/municipality in the Netherlands and the second largest outside the Randstad.
Groningen Grunn(en) (Gronings) | |
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City and municipality | |
Gasunie building Grote Markt Square Groningen City Theater Aa Church/Korenbeurs Martini Tower Goudkantoor Groninger Museum | |
![]() Flag ![]() Coat of arms | |
![]() Location in Groningen | |
![]() Groningen Location within the Netherlands ![]() Groningen Location within Europe | |
Coordinates: 53°13′08″N 06°34′03″E / 53.21889°N 6.56750°E | |
Country | |
Province | Groningen |
City Hall | Groningen City Hall |
Government | |
• Body | Municipal council |
• Mayor | (VVD) |
Area | |
• Municipality | 197.96 km2 (76.43 sq mi) |
• Land | 185.60 km2 (71.66 sq mi) |
• Water | 12.36 km2 (4.77 sq mi) |
Elevation | 7 m (23 ft) |
Highest elevation | 12 m (39 ft) |
Population (January 1st 2023) | |
• Municipality | 238 147 |
• Density | 1,257/km2 (3,260/sq mi) |
• Urban | 216,655 |
• Metro | 360,748 |
Demonym(s) | Groninger, Stadjer |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
Postcode | 9700–9747 |
Area code | 050 |
Website | gemeente |
![]() | |
Click on the map for a fullscreen view |
Groningen was established more than 980 years ago and gained city rights in 1245. Due to its relatively isolated location from the then successive Dutch centres of power (Utrecht, The Hague, Brussels), Groningen was historically reliant on itself and nearby regions. As a Hanseatic city, it was part of the North German trade network, but later it mainly became a regional market centre. At the height of its power in the 15th century, Groningen could be considered an independent city-state and it remained autonomous until the late 18th century, when it was incorporated into the Napoleonic Batavian Republic.
Today Groningen is a university city, home to some of the country's leading higher education institutes; University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), which is the Netherlands's second oldest university, and Hanze University of Applied Sciences (Hanzehogeschool Groningen). Students comprise an estimated 25% of its total population, making it the country's demographically youngest city.
Etymology
The origin and meaning of 'Groningen' and its older variant, 'Groeningen', are uncertain. A folk origin story relates the idea that, in 453 BC, exiles from Troy who were guided by a mythical figure called Gruno (or Grunius, Gryns or Grunus), along with a group of Phrygians from Germany, founded a settlement in what is now Groningen, and built a castle on the bank of the Hunze, which they called 'Grunoburg', and which was later destroyed by the Vikings.
One modern theory is that 'Groningen' meant 'among the people of Groni' ('Groningi' and 'Groninga' in the 11th century), derived from Gronesbeke, which was the old name for a small lake near the Hunze (on the northern border of Zuidlaarderveen). As the name Grone (variant Groene) is an old Frisian personal name, the origin may very well be in a settlement originally founded by the family of Grone and their followers, which in Frisian would be called Groninga. Another theory is that the name was derived from the word groenighe, meaning 'green fields'.
In Frisian, it is called Grins. In Groningen province, it is called . Regionally, it is often simply referred to as Stad (the "city"), and its inhabitants are referred to as Stadjers or Stadjeder. The Dutch sometimes refer to it as "the Metropolis of the North", or Martinistad (after the Martinitoren tower).
History
The city was founded at the northernmost point of the Hondsrug area. While the oldest document referring to Groningen's existence dates from 1040, the area was occupied by Anglo-Saxons centuries prior. The oldest archaeological evidence of a settlement in the region stems from around 3950–3650 BC, and the first major settlement in Groningen trace back to the year 3 AD.


In the 13th century Groningen was an important trade centre and its inhabitants built a city wall to underline its authority. The city had a strong influence on its surrounding lands and the Gronings dialect became common. The city's most influential period was at the end of the 15th century, when the nearby province of Friesland was administered from Groningen. During these years the Martinitoren was built which is considered to be the city's most significant landmark.
In 1536, Groningen accepted Emperor Charles V, the King of Spain and the Habsburg ruler of the other Netherlands as its ruler, thus ending the region's autonomy. The city was captured in the Siege of Groningen (1594) by the Dutch and English forces led by Maurice of Nassau. After the siege, the city and the province joined the Dutch Republic.
During the 17th century, Groningen served as a crucial hub for the Dutch West India Company (WIC). This powerful trading company was responsible for maritime trade, colonization, and the transportation of goods and people.
The WIC transported over 300,000 slaves from the African coast to the Dutch colonies between 1621 and 1792. Warships like the Groeningen sailed from Groningen's shipyards to Africa's west coast, carrying enslaved Africans to plantations in Brazil, Suriname, and the Antilles. These same ships returned to Europe laden with valuable commodities such as sugar, coffee, and tobacco.
The University of Groningen was founded in 1614 with initial course offerings in law, medicine, theology and philosophy. During this period the city expanded rapidly and a new city wall was built.

The Siege of Groningen (1672) led by the bishop of Münster, Bernhard von Galen during the Third Anglo-Dutch War failed and the city walls resisted; an event that is celebrated annually with music and fireworks on 28 August as "
" or "Bommen Berend" ("Bombing Bernard"). In the early 19th century when the kingdom of Holland under king Jerôme Bonaparte was founded, Groningen was integrated into the French system of administration, and then annexed in 1811 into the French Empire under emperor Napoleon I (until 1813). During the French administration of the area, Groningen was called Groningue.During World War II, the main square and the Grote Markt were largely destroyed in the Battle of Groningen in April 1945. However, the church Martinitoren, the Goudkantoor, and the city hall were undamaged.
Geography
There is a town named after Groningen in Saramacca District, Suriname, a former Dutch colony. It was named after the hometown of Dutch governor-general of Suriname Jan Wichers, who established the town as a fort in 1790.
Canals
Numerous canals (grachten) surround the city, locally called diep. The major canals that travel from the city are the Van Starkenborghkanaal, Eemskanaal, and Winschoterdiep. Groningen's canals, no longer used for commercial goods transport, were once vital hubs in trade and transport. The rivers crossing close to the Binnenstad have been used for trade for at least a . The Dutch West India Company and foreign investors established their Groningen headquarters in Reitemakersrijge. Additional warehouses were strategically built along the canals at Noorderhaven to store colonial produce. These warehouses often held goods obtained from plantations in the Dutch colonies.
Climate
Groningen has an oceanic temperate climate, like all of the Netherlands, although slightly colder in winter than other major cities in the Netherlands due to its northeasterly position. Weather is influenced by the North Sea to the north-west and its prevailing north-western winds and gales.
Summers are somewhat warm and humid. Temperatures of 30 °C (86 °F) or higher occur sporadically; the average daytime high is around 22 °C (72 °F). Very rainy periods are common, especially in spring and summer. Average annual precipitation is about 800 mm (31 in). Annual sunshine hours vary, but are usually below 1600 hours, giving much cloud cover similar to most of the Netherlands. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb". (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).
Winters are cool; on average above freezing, although frosts are common during spells of easterly winds. Night-time temperatures of −10 °C (14 °F) or lower are not uncommon during cold winter periods. The lowest temperature ever recorded is −26.8 °C (−16.2 °F) on 16 February 1956. Snow often falls, but rarely stays long due to warmer daytime temperatures, although white snowy days happen every winter.
Climate data for Groningen (Groningen Airport Eelde), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1906–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) | 18.9 (66.0) | 24.0 (75.2) | 28.8 (83.8) | 32.8 (91.0) | 33.8 (92.8) | 36.9 (98.4) | 36.3 (97.3) | 32.6 (90.7) | 27.4 (81.3) | 19.4 (66.9) | 15.4 (59.7) | 36.9 (98.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) | 6.0 (42.8) | 9.5 (49.1) | 14.2 (57.6) | 17.6 (63.7) | 20.4 (68.7) | 22.7 (72.9) | 22.6 (72.7) | 19.0 (66.2) | 14.2 (57.6) | 9.0 (48.2) | 5.9 (42.6) | 13.9 (57.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) | 3.0 (37.4) | 5.5 (41.9) | 9.0 (48.2) | 12.5 (54.5) | 15.4 (59.7) | 17.5 (63.5) | 17.3 (63.1) | 14.1 (57.4) | 10.3 (50.5) | 6.3 (43.3) | 3.5 (38.3) | 9.8 (49.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) | −0.1 (31.8) | 1.4 (34.5) | 3.7 (38.7) | 7.0 (44.6) | 9.9 (49.8) | 12.2 (54.0) | 11.9 (53.4) | 9.6 (49.3) | 6.3 (43.3) | 3.2 (37.8) | 0.8 (33.4) | 5.5 (41.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −22.0 (−7.6) | −22.9 (−9.2) | −18.4 (−1.1) | −8.1 (17.4) | −3.4 (25.9) | 0.1 (32.2) | 2.5 (36.5) | 3.2 (37.8) | −1.0 (30.2) | −6.9 (19.6) | −13.6 (7.5) | −22.0 (−7.6) | −22.9 (−9.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 72.7 (2.86) | 54.7 (2.15) | 54.1 (2.13) | 41.3 (1.63) | 57.9 (2.28) | 65.0 (2.56) | 85.0 (3.35) | 77.8 (3.06) | 75.4 (2.97) | 71.4 (2.81) | 70.0 (2.76) | 79.4 (3.13) | 804.7 (31.68) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 13.3 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 8.5 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 13.2 | 14.0 | 136.1 |
Average snowy days | 8 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 33 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 90 | 88 | 85 | 79 | 79 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 86 | 89 | 91 | 92 | 85 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 60.7 | 86.1 | 139.0 | 188.7 | 218.0 | 198.6 | 212.3 | 196.3 | 150.7 | 112.9 | 63.4 | 56.1 | 1,682.8 |
Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute |
Economy
Hotel and catering industries constitute a significant part of the economy in Groningen. Focus on business services has increased over time and areas such as IT, life sciences, tourism, energy, and environment have developed.
Until 2008 there were two major sugar refineries within the city. The plant was constructed in the outskirts of Groningen, but became a part of the city due to expansion. The factory had 98 employees before it was closed in 2008 due to a reduction in demand. As of 2017, CSM Vierverlaten in Hoogkerk remains the only beet sugar production plant in the city. Other notable companies from Groningen include publishing company Noordhoff Uitgevers, tobacco company Niemeyer, health insurance company Menzis, distillery Hooghoudt, and natural gas companies and GasTerra.
Demographics
Immigration
Country/territory | Population |
---|---|
![]() | 175,249 |
![]() | 6,427 |
![]() | 5,847 |
![]() | 3,959 |
![]() | 3,401 |
![]() | 2,321 |
![]() | 2,172 |
![]() | 1,774 |
![]() | 1,768 |
![]() | 1,401 |
![]() | 1,391 |
![]() | 1,266 |
![]() | 1,157 |
![]() | 1,050 |
Other | 11,992 |
As of 2020, Groningen had a total population of 232,874 people.
2020 | Numbers | % |
---|---|---|
Dutch natives | 175,249 | 75.2% |
Western migration background | 29,365 | 12.6% |
Non-Western migration background | 28,260 | 12.1% |
Indonesia | 5,847 | 2.51% |
Netherlands Antilles and Aruba | 3,959 | 1.7% |
Suriname | 3,401 | 1.46% |
Turkey | 1,774 | 0.76% |
Morocco | 1,266 | 0.54% |
Total | 232,874 | 100% |
This section needs expansion with: prose, examples, and citations. You can help by adding to it. (July 2018) |
Religion
The majority of people in Groningen, slightly more than 70%, are non-religious. With 25.1%, the largest religion in Groningen is Christianity.
Religions in Groningen (2013)
Population growth
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1400 | 5,000 | — |
1560 | 12,500 | +0.57% |
1600 | 16,600 | +0.71% |
1721 | 20,680 | +0.18% |
1770 | 23,296 | +0.24% |
1787 | 22,000 | −0.34% |
1795 | 23,770 | +0.97% |
Source: Lourens & Lucassen 1997, pp. 30–31 |
The municipality of Groningen has grown rapidly. In 1968 it expanded by mergers with Hoogkerk and Noorddijk, and in 2019 it merged with Haren and Ten Boer. All historical data are for the original city limits, excluding Hoogkerk, Noorddijk, Haren and Ten Boer.
It has a land area of 168.93 km2 (65.22 sq mi), and a total area, including water, of 180.21 km2 (69.58 sq mi). Its population density is 1,367 residents per km2 (3,540 per square mile). On 1 January 2019, it was merged with the municipalities of Ten Boer and Haren. The Groningen-Assen metropolitan area has about half a million inhabitants.

Culture
Groningen is nationally known as the "Metropolis of the North". The city is regarded as the main urban centre of the Northern part of the country, particularly in the fields of education, business, music and other arts. It is also known as "Martinistad", referring to the tower of the Martinitoren, which is named after Groningen's patron saint Martin of Tours. The large student population also contributes to the very diverse cultural scene for a city of its size.
Since 2016 Groningen has been host of the International Cycling Film Festival, an annual film festival for bicycle related films. It takes place in the art house cinema of the old Roman Catholic Hospital.
The first major international chess tournament after World War II was held in Groningen in 1946. The tournament, won by Mikhail Botvinnik of the USSR, was the first time the Soviet Union had sent a team to a foreign event. An international chess "Schaakfestival Groningen tournament" has been held in the city in most years since 1946.
Museums


Groningen is home to the Groninger Museum. Its new building designed by Alessandro Mendini in 1994 echoes the Italian post-modern concepts and is notable for its futuristic and colourful style. The city has a maritime museum, a university museum, a comics museum and a graphics museum. Groningen is also the home of Noorderlicht, an international photographic platform that runs a photo gallery and organizes an international photo festival. The Forum Groningen that opened in 2019 is a cultural center consisting of a museum, art cinema, library, bars, rooftop terrace and tourist information office.
Theatre and music

Groningen has a city theatre called the Stadsschouwburg, located on the Turfsingel, a theatre and concert venue called Martini Plaza, and a cultural venue on the Trompsingel, called the Oosterpoort. Vera is located on the Oosterstraat, the Grand Theatre on the Grote Markt, and Simplon on the Boterdiep. Several cafés feature live music, a few of which specialize in jazz music, including the Jazzcafe De Spieghel on the Peperstraat. Groningen is the host city for Eurosonic Noorderslag, an annual music showcase event for bands from across Europe.
Nightlife
Groningen's active nightlife depends largely on its student population, with the Grote Markt, Vismarkt, Poelestraat and Peperstraat crowded nightly, most bars not closing until five in the morning. From 2005 to 2007, Groningen was named "best city centre" of the Netherlands. Groningen has a red-light district, called Nieuwstad.
Sports


FC Groningen, founded in 1971, is the local football club, and as of 2000 they play in the Eredivisie, the highest football league of the Netherlands. Winners of the KNVB Cup in the 2014–15 season, their best Eredivisie result was in the 1990–91 season when they finished third. Their current stadium which opened in January 2006 has 22,525 seats. It is called the Hitachi Capital Mobility Stadion; it was known as the "Euroborg stadium" before 2016, and "Noordlease Stadion" from 2016 to 2018.
American sports are fairly popular in Groningen; it has American football, baseball, and basketball clubs. Groningen's professional basketball club Donar play in the highest professional league, the Dutch Basketball League, and have won the national championship seven times. The are the American football team of the city who play in the premier league of the AFBN and are nicknamed as the "Kings of the North".
The running event called takes place in the city on the second Sunday of October every year with over 23,000 participants. The 2002 Giro d'Italia began in Groningen, including the prologue and the start of the first stage. The city hosted the start and finish of the fifth stage of the 2013 Energiewacht Tour.
Education


As of 2020, around 25% of the 230,000 inhabitants in Groningen are students. The city has the highest density of students and the lowest mean age in the Netherlands.
There are also Middle Schools, such as H.N. Werkman College
The University of Groningen (in Dutch: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), established in 1614 is the second oldest university in the Netherlands (after the University of Leiden). The university educated the country's first female student, Aletta Jacobs, the first Dutch national astronaut, Wubbo Ockels, the first president of the European Central Bank, Wim Duisenberg, and two Nobel laureates; Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (in Physics) and Ben Feringa (in Chemistry). The university has about 31,000 students—22% of which are international.
The Hanze University of Applied Sciences (in Dutch: Hanzehogeschool Groningen) was founded in 1986 and is more focused on the practical application of knowledge, offering bachelor and master courses in fields like Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Communication and Multimedia Design, and Renewable Energy. With around 8.1% international students, Hanze hosts more than 28,000 students and is one of the largest universities of applied sciences by enrollment in the Netherlands.
Politics
The Groningen municipal council has 45 members which, after the 2022 local elections, was made up as follows:
Party name | Seats |
---|---|
GroenLinks | 9 |
PvdA | 6 |
D66 | 5 |
Party for the Animals | 4 |
Stadspartij 100% voor Groningen | 4 |
Socialist Party | 4 |
VVD | 3 |
Student en Stad | 3 |
Christian Union | 2 |
Christian Democratic Appeal | 2 |
Party for the North | 2 |
Party for Freedom | 1 |
From 2022, the ruling municipal coalition consisted of GroenLinks, PvdA, Party for the Animals, the Socialist Party and ChristenUnie.
International relations
Groningen is twinned with the following cities:
Groningen also has a trilateral partnership with the nearby northern German cities of Bremen and Oldenburg.
Transport
Cycling and walking
Groningen is known as the "World Cycling City"; around 57% of its residents use a bicycle for regular commute within the city. In 2000, Groningen was chosen as the Fietsstad 2002, the top cycle-city in the Netherlands for 2002. Similar to most Dutch cities, Groningen has developed to accommodate a large number of cyclists. An extensive network of bike paths were planned to make it more convenient to cycle to various destinations instead of taking a car.
The city has segregated cycle-paths, public transport, and a large pedestrianised zone in the city centre. Groningen's city centre was remodeled into a "pedestrian priority zone" to promote walking and biking. This was achieved by applying the principle of filtered permeability—the network configuration favours active transportation and selectively "filters out" traveling in a car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre. The streets that are discontinuous for cars connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces, increasing aesthetic appeal and encouraging participation. The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts—the fused grid.
Public transport
Trains

Groningen railway station (in Dutch: Hoofdstation) is the main railway station and has regular services to most of the major cities in the country. The city's remaining two railway stations are Europapark and Noord.
Groningen has six railway routes:
- Groningen – Delfzijl
- Groningen – Roodeschool / Eemshaven
- Groningen – Leeuwarden
- Groningen – Veendam
- Groningen – Weener / Leer
- Groningen – Meppel / Zwolle
On those six routes, ten lines stop at:
- Groningen – Groningen North – Sauwerd – Bedum – Stedum – Loppersum – Appingedam – Delfzijl West – Delfzijl
- Groningen – Groningen North – Sauwerd – Winsum – Baflo – Warffum – Usquert – Uithuizen – Uithuizermeeden – Roodeschool – (Low Service) Eemshaven
- Groningen – Zuidhorn – Grijpskerk – Buitenpost – De Westereen – Feanwâlden – Hurdegaryp – Leeuwarden Camminghaburen – Leewarden
- Groningen – Buitenpost – Leewarden
- Groningen – Groningen Europapark – Kropswolde – Martenshoek – Hoogezand-Sappemeer – Sappemeer oost – Zuidbroek – Veendam
- Groningen – Groningen Europapark – Kropswolde – Martenshoek – Hoogezand-Sappemeer – Sappemeer oost – Zuidbroek – Scheemda – Winschoten – (lower service) Bad Nieuweschans – Weener (Due to a broken bridge, trains do not go on to Leer. Take a bus from Groningen or Weener.)
- Groningen – Groningen Europapark – Haren – Assen – Beilen – Hoogeveen – Meppel – Zwolle
- Groningen – Assen – Zwolle – Amersfoort Centraal – Utrecht Centraal – Gouda – Rotterdam Alexander – Rotterdam Centraal
- Groningen – Assen – Zwolle – Lelystad Centrum – Almere Centrum – Amsterdam South – Schiphol – Leiden Centraal – Den Haag Centraal / The Hague Centraal
Buses
City & Q-Link lines:
Q-Liner lines:
Night lines:
| Regional lines:
Other lines:
|
Direct bus routes from Groningen to Bremen, Hamburg, Berlin, and Munich are also available.
Motorways
The A28 motorway connects Groningen to Utrecht (via Assen, Zwolle and Amersfoort). The A7 motorway connects it to Friesland and Zaandam (West), and Winschoten and Leer (East).
Airport

Groningen Airport Eelde is an international airport located near Eelde, in Drenthe, with scheduled services to Guernsey, Gran Canaria, Antalya, Crete, Mallorca and Bodrum.
Notable people

- Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603–1659), explorer, seafarer, merchant for the Dutch East India Company
- Albert Dominicus Trip van Zoudtlandt (1776–1835), lieutenant-general at the Battle of Waterloo
- Geert Adriaans Boomgaard (1788–1899), soldier, first validated supercentenarian
- Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853–1926), physicist, Nobel laureate
- Dirk Jan de Geer (1870–1960), statesman and Dutch Prime Minister (1926–29, 1939–40), advocated peace settlement between the Netherlands and Nazi Germany in 1940
- A. W. L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer (1888–1978), last colonial Governor-General of the Netherlands East Indies
- Michel Velleman (1895–1943), Jewish magician
- Jan Wolthuis (1903–1983), lawyer and collaborator, active in far-right politics after WWII
- Esmée van Eeghen (1918–1944), Dutch resistance member executed by the Nazis in Paddepoel, Noorddijk
- Pete Hoekstra (born 1953), United States ambassador to the Netherlands, former Republican member of Congress representing Michigan's 2nd congressional district
- Gerard Kemkers (born 1967), speed skating bronze medalist at 1988 Winter Olympics
- Anda Kerkhoven (1919–1945), Dutch resistance member executed by the Nazis near Glimmen
- Bauke Mollema (born 1986), cyclist
- Kim Feenstra (born 1985), model
- Ben Woldring (born 1985), internet entrepreneur
- Luciano Valente (born 2003), professional footballer
- Noisia, music producers
- Vicetone, DJ and music producer duo
See also
- Sint Geertruidsgasthuis, a hofje in Groningen
- Hunze
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Bibliography
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External links
- Official website (in Dutch)
Groningen ˈ ɡ r oʊ n ɪ ŋ e n GROH ning en UK also ˈ ɡ r ɒ n ɪ ŋ e n GRON ing en Dutch ˈɣroːnɪŋe n Gronings Grunn or Grunnen ˈxrʏnn is the capital city and main municipality of Groningen province in the Netherlands Dubbed the capital of the north Groningen is the largest place as well as the economic and cultural centre of the northern part of the country as of January 2023 it had 238 147 inhabitants making it the sixth largest city municipality in the Netherlands and the second largest outside the Randstad Groningen Grunn en Gronings City and municipalityGasunie buildingGrote Markt SquareGroningen City TheaterAa Church KorenbeursMartini TowerGoudkantoorGroninger MuseumFlagCoat of armsBrandmarkLocation in GroningenGroningenLocation within the NetherlandsShow map of NetherlandsGroningenLocation within EuropeShow map of EuropeCoordinates 53 13 08 N 06 34 03 E 53 21889 N 6 56750 E 53 21889 6 56750Country NetherlandsProvinceGroningenCity HallGroningen City HallGovernment BodyMunicipal council Mayor VVD Area Municipality197 96 km2 76 43 sq mi Land185 60 km2 71 66 sq mi Water12 36 km2 4 77 sq mi Elevation7 m 23 ft Highest elevation12 m 39 ft Population January 1st 2023 Municipality238 147 Density1 257 km2 3 260 sq mi Urban216 655 Metro360 748Demonym s Groninger StadjerTime zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postcode9700 9747Area code050Websitegemeente wbr groningen wbr nl wbr enClick on the map for a fullscreen view Groningen was established more than 980 years ago and gained city rights in 1245 Due to its relatively isolated location from the then successive Dutch centres of power Utrecht The Hague Brussels Groningen was historically reliant on itself and nearby regions As a Hanseatic city it was part of the North German trade network but later it mainly became a regional market centre At the height of its power in the 15th century Groningen could be considered an independent city state and it remained autonomous until the late 18th century when it was incorporated into the Napoleonic Batavian Republic Today Groningen is a university city home to some of the country s leading higher education institutes University of Groningen Rijksuniversiteit Groningen which is the Netherlands s second oldest university and Hanze University of Applied Sciences Hanzehogeschool Groningen Students comprise an estimated 25 of its total population making it the country s demographically youngest city EtymologyThe origin and meaning of Groningen and its older variant Groeningen are uncertain A folk origin story relates the idea that in 453 BC exiles from Troy who were guided by a mythical figure called Gruno or Grunius Gryns or Grunus along with a group of Phrygians from Germany founded a settlement in what is now Groningen and built a castle on the bank of the Hunze which they called Grunoburg and which was later destroyed by the Vikings One modern theory is that Groningen meant among the people of Groni Groningi and Groninga in the 11th century derived from Gronesbeke which was the old name for a small lake near the Hunze on the northern border of Zuidlaarderveen As the name Grone variant Groene is an old Frisian personal name the origin may very well be in a settlement originally founded by the family of Grone and their followers which in Frisian would be called Groninga Another theory is that the name was derived from the word groenighe meaning green fields In Frisian it is called Grins In Groningen province it is called nl Regionally it is often simply referred to as Stad the city and its inhabitants are referred to as Stadjers or Stadjeder The Dutch sometimes refer to it as the Metropolis of the North or Martinistad after the Martinitoren tower HistoryThe city was founded at the northernmost point of the Hondsrug area While the oldest document referring to Groningen s existence dates from 1040 the area was occupied by Anglo Saxons centuries prior The oldest archaeological evidence of a settlement in the region stems from around 3950 3650 BC and the first major settlement in Groningen trace back to the year 3 AD Martini TowerGroningen in the 16th century In the 13th century Groningen was an important trade centre and its inhabitants built a city wall to underline its authority The city had a strong influence on its surrounding lands and the Gronings dialect became common The city s most influential period was at the end of the 15th century when the nearby province of Friesland was administered from Groningen During these years the Martinitoren was built which is considered to be the city s most significant landmark In 1536 Groningen accepted Emperor Charles V the King of Spain and the Habsburg ruler of the other Netherlands as its ruler thus ending the region s autonomy The city was captured in the Siege of Groningen 1594 by the Dutch and English forces led by Maurice of Nassau After the siege the city and the province joined the Dutch Republic During the 17th century Groningen served as a crucial hub for the Dutch West India Company WIC This powerful trading company was responsible for maritime trade colonization and the transportation of goods and people The WIC transported over 300 000 slaves from the African coast to the Dutch colonies between 1621 and 1792 Warships like the Groeningen sailed from Groningen s shipyards to Africa s west coast carrying enslaved Africans to plantations in Brazil Suriname and the Antilles These same ships returned to Europe laden with valuable commodities such as sugar coffee and tobacco The University of Groningen was founded in 1614 with initial course offerings in law medicine theology and philosophy During this period the city expanded rapidly and a new city wall was built Siege of Groningen by Bishop of Munster in 1672 The Siege of Groningen 1672 led by the bishop of Munster Bernhard von Galen during the Third Anglo Dutch War failed and the city walls resisted an event that is celebrated annually with music and fireworks on 28 August as nl or Bommen Berend Bombing Bernard In the early 19th century when the kingdom of Holland under king Jerome Bonaparte was founded Groningen was integrated into the French system of administration and then annexed in 1811 into the French Empire under emperor Napoleon I until 1813 During the French administration of the area Groningen was called Groningue During World War II the main square and the Grote Markt were largely destroyed in the Battle of Groningen in April 1945 However the church Martinitoren the Goudkantoor and the city hall were undamaged GeographyThere is a town named after Groningen in Saramacca District Suriname a former Dutch colony It was named after the hometown of Dutch governor general of Suriname Jan Wichers who established the town as a fort in 1790 Canals Numerous canals grachten surround the city locally called diep The major canals that travel from the city are the Van Starkenborghkanaal Eemskanaal and Winschoterdiep Groningen s canals no longer used for commercial goods transport were once vital hubs in trade and transport The rivers crossing close to the Binnenstad have been used for trade for at least a nl The Dutch West India Company and foreign investors established their Groningen headquarters in Reitemakersrijge Additional warehouses were strategically built along the canals at Noorderhaven to store colonial produce These warehouses often held goods obtained from plantations in the Dutch colonies Climate Groningen has an oceanic temperate climate like all of the Netherlands although slightly colder in winter than other major cities in the Netherlands due to its northeasterly position Weather is influenced by the North Sea to the north west and its prevailing north western winds and gales Summers are somewhat warm and humid Temperatures of 30 C 86 F or higher occur sporadically the average daytime high is around 22 C 72 F Very rainy periods are common especially in spring and summer Average annual precipitation is about 800 mm 31 in Annual sunshine hours vary but are usually below 1600 hours giving much cloud cover similar to most of the Netherlands Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows and there is adequate rainfall year round The Koppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Cfb Marine West Coast Climate Oceanic climate Winters are cool on average above freezing although frosts are common during spells of easterly winds Night time temperatures of 10 C 14 F or lower are not uncommon during cold winter periods The lowest temperature ever recorded is 26 8 C 16 2 F on 16 February 1956 Snow often falls but rarely stays long due to warmer daytime temperatures although white snowy days happen every winter Climate data for Groningen Groningen Airport Eelde 1991 2020 normals extremes 1906 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 14 5 58 1 18 9 66 0 24 0 75 2 28 8 83 8 32 8 91 0 33 8 92 8 36 9 98 4 36 3 97 3 32 6 90 7 27 4 81 3 19 4 66 9 15 4 59 7 36 9 98 4 Mean daily maximum C F 5 2 41 4 6 0 42 8 9 5 49 1 14 2 57 6 17 6 63 7 20 4 68 7 22 7 72 9 22 6 72 7 19 0 66 2 14 2 57 6 9 0 48 2 5 9 42 6 13 9 57 0 Daily mean C F 2 8 37 0 3 0 37 4 5 5 41 9 9 0 48 2 12 5 54 5 15 4 59 7 17 5 63 5 17 3 63 1 14 1 57 4 10 3 50 5 6 3 43 3 3 5 38 3 9 8 49 6 Mean daily minimum C F 0 1 32 2 0 1 31 8 1 4 34 5 3 7 38 7 7 0 44 6 9 9 49 8 12 2 54 0 11 9 53 4 9 6 49 3 6 3 43 3 3 2 37 8 0 8 33 4 5 5 41 9 Record low C F 22 0 7 6 22 9 9 2 18 4 1 1 8 1 17 4 3 4 25 9 0 1 32 2 2 5 36 5 3 2 37 8 1 0 30 2 6 9 19 6 13 6 7 5 22 0 7 6 22 9 9 2 Average precipitation mm inches 72 7 2 86 54 7 2 15 54 1 2 13 41 3 1 63 57 9 2 28 65 0 2 56 85 0 3 35 77 8 3 06 75 4 2 97 71 4 2 81 70 0 2 76 79 4 3 13 804 7 31 68 Average precipitation days 1 mm 13 3 10 6 10 3 8 5 9 5 10 3 11 7 11 5 11 1 12 1 13 2 14 0 136 1Average snowy days 8 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 33Average relative humidity 90 88 85 79 79 81 82 83 86 89 91 92 85Mean monthly sunshine hours 60 7 86 1 139 0 188 7 218 0 198 6 212 3 196 3 150 7 112 9 63 4 56 1 1 682 8Source Royal Netherlands Meteorological InstituteEconomyHotel and catering industries constitute a significant part of the economy in Groningen Focus on business services has increased over time and areas such as IT life sciences tourism energy and environment have developed Until 2008 there were two major sugar refineries within the city The plant was constructed in the outskirts of Groningen but became a part of the city due to expansion The factory had 98 employees before it was closed in 2008 due to a reduction in demand As of 2017 CSM Vierverlaten in Hoogkerk remains the only beet sugar production plant in the city Other notable companies from Groningen include publishing company Noordhoff Uitgevers tobacco company Niemeyer health insurance company Menzis distillery Hooghoudt and natural gas companies and GasTerra DemographicsImmigration City of Groningen population by country of origin 2020 Country territory PopulationNetherlands 175 249Germany 6 427Indonesia 5 847Dutch Caribbean 3 959Suriname 3 401Former Soviet Union 2 321China 2 172Turkey 1 774United Kingdom 1 768Italy 1 401Yugoslavia 1 391Morocco 1 266Iran 1 157Iraq 1 050Other 11 992 As of 2020 Groningen had a total population of 232 874 people 2020 Numbers Dutch natives 175 249 75 2 Western migration background 29 365 12 6 Non Western migration background 28 260 12 1 Indonesia 5 847 2 51 Netherlands Antilles and Aruba 3 959 1 7 Suriname 3 401 1 46 Turkey 1 774 0 76 Morocco 1 266 0 54 Total 232 874 100 This section needs expansion with prose examples and citations You can help by adding to it July 2018 Religion The majority of people in Groningen slightly more than 70 are non religious With 25 1 the largest religion in Groningen is Christianity Religions in Groningen 2013 No affiliation 71 7 Protestant Church in the Netherlands 14 1 Roman Catholic 6 3 Other Christian denominations 4 7 Islam 2 1 Hinduism 0 6 Buddhism 0 3 Judaism 0 2 Population growth Historical populationYearPop p a 14005 000 156012 500 0 57 160016 600 0 71 172120 680 0 18 177023 296 0 24 178722 000 0 34 179523 770 0 97 Source Lourens amp Lucassen 1997 pp 30 31 The municipality of Groningen has grown rapidly In 1968 it expanded by mergers with Hoogkerk and Noorddijk and in 2019 it merged with Haren and Ten Boer All historical data are for the original city limits excluding Hoogkerk Noorddijk Haren and Ten Boer It has a land area of 168 93 km2 65 22 sq mi and a total area including water of 180 21 km2 69 58 sq mi Its population density is 1 367 residents per km2 3 540 per square mile On 1 January 2019 it was merged with the municipalities of Ten Boer and Haren The Groningen Assen metropolitan area has about half a million inhabitants CultureGroningen is nationally known as the Metropolis of the North The city is regarded as the main urban centre of the Northern part of the country particularly in the fields of education business music and other arts It is also known as Martinistad referring to the tower of the Martinitoren which is named after Groningen s patron saint Martin of Tours The large student population also contributes to the very diverse cultural scene for a city of its size Since 2016 Groningen has been host of the International Cycling Film Festival an annual film festival for bicycle related films It takes place in the art house cinema of the old Roman Catholic Hospital The first major international chess tournament after World War II was held in Groningen in 1946 The tournament won by Mikhail Botvinnik of the USSR was the first time the Soviet Union had sent a team to a foreign event An international chess Schaakfestival Groningen tournament has been held in the city in most years since 1946 Museums Groninger Museum 2006 Forum Groningen Groningen is home to the Groninger Museum Its new building designed by Alessandro Mendini in 1994 echoes the Italian post modern concepts and is notable for its futuristic and colourful style The city has a maritime museum a university museum a comics museum and a graphics museum Groningen is also the home of Noorderlicht an international photographic platform that runs a photo gallery and organizes an international photo festival The Forum Groningen that opened in 2019 is a cultural center consisting of a museum art cinema library bars rooftop terrace and tourist information office Theatre and music Theatre building Groningen Groningen has a city theatre called the Stadsschouwburg located on the Turfsingel a theatre and concert venue called Martini Plaza and a cultural venue on the Trompsingel called the Oosterpoort Vera is located on the Oosterstraat the Grand Theatre on the Grote Markt and Simplon on the Boterdiep Several cafes feature live music a few of which specialize in jazz music including the Jazzcafe De Spieghel on the Peperstraat Groningen is the host city for Eurosonic Noorderslag an annual music showcase event for bands from across Europe Nightlife Groningen s active nightlife depends largely on its student population with the Grote Markt Vismarkt Poelestraat and Peperstraat crowded nightly most bars not closing until five in the morning From 2005 to 2007 Groningen was named best city centre of the Netherlands Groningen has a red light district called Nieuwstad Sports The Euroborg football stadiumA Donar basketball game in MartiniPlaza FC Groningen founded in 1971 is the local football club and as of 2000 they play in the Eredivisie the highest football league of the Netherlands Winners of the KNVB Cup in the 2014 15 season their best Eredivisie result was in the 1990 91 season when they finished third Their current stadium which opened in January 2006 has 22 525 seats It is called the Hitachi Capital Mobility Stadion it was known as the Euroborg stadium before 2016 and Noordlease Stadion from 2016 to 2018 American sports are fairly popular in Groningen it has American football baseball and basketball clubs Groningen s professional basketball club Donar play in the highest professional league the Dutch Basketball League and have won the national championship seven times The are the American football team of the city who play in the premier league of the AFBN and are nicknamed as the Kings of the North The running event called takes place in the city on the second Sunday of October every year with over 23 000 participants The 2002 Giro d Italia began in Groningen including the prologue and the start of the first stage The city hosted the start and finish of the fifth stage of the 2013 Energiewacht Tour EducationPraedinius Gymnasium in Groningen is one of the two gymnasium schools in the city Academy Building of the University of Groningen in 2019 As of 2020 around 25 of the 230 000 inhabitants in Groningen are students The city has the highest density of students and the lowest mean age in the Netherlands There are also Middle Schools such as H N Werkman College The University of Groningen in Dutch Rijksuniversiteit Groningen established in 1614 is the second oldest university in the Netherlands after the University of Leiden The university educated the country s first female student Aletta Jacobs the first Dutch national astronaut Wubbo Ockels the first president of the European Central Bank Wim Duisenberg and two Nobel laureates Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in Physics and Ben Feringa in Chemistry The university has about 31 000 students 22 of which are international The Hanze University of Applied Sciences in Dutch Hanzehogeschool Groningen was founded in 1986 and is more focused on the practical application of knowledge offering bachelor and master courses in fields like Electrical and Electronic Engineering Communication and Multimedia Design and Renewable Energy With around 8 1 international students Hanze hosts more than 28 000 students and is one of the largest universities of applied sciences by enrollment in the Netherlands PoliticsThe Groningen municipal council has 45 members which after the 2022 local elections was made up as follows Groningen municipal council Party name SeatsGroenLinks 9PvdA 6D66 5Party for the Animals 4Stadspartij 100 voor Groningen 4Socialist Party 4VVD 3Student en Stad 3Christian Union 2Christian Democratic Appeal 2Party for the North 2Party for Freedom 1 From 2022 the ruling municipal coalition consisted of GroenLinks PvdA Party for the Animals the Socialist Party and ChristenUnie International relations Groningen is twinned with the following cities Newcastle Upon Tyne England UK Odense Denmark Oldenburg Germany Graz Austria Zlin Czech Republic Katowice Poland Tallinn Estonia Kaliningrad Russia Murmansk Russia Holland Michigan US San Carlos Nicaragua Tianjin China Groningen also has a trilateral partnership with the nearby northern German cities of Bremen and Oldenburg TransportCycling and walking Herestraat the main shopping street 2004 Groningen is known as the World Cycling City around 57 of its residents use a bicycle for regular commute within the city In 2000 Groningen was chosen as the Fietsstad 2002 the top cycle city in the Netherlands for 2002 Similar to most Dutch cities Groningen has developed to accommodate a large number of cyclists An extensive network of bike paths were planned to make it more convenient to cycle to various destinations instead of taking a car The city has segregated cycle paths public transport and a large pedestrianised zone in the city centre Groningen s city centre was remodeled into a pedestrian priority zone to promote walking and biking This was achieved by applying the principle of filtered permeability the network configuration favours active transportation and selectively filters out traveling in a car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre The streets that are discontinuous for cars connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre In addition these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing aesthetic appeal and encouraging participation The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts the fused grid Public transport Trains Railway station Groningen 2008 Groningen railway station in Dutch Hoofdstation is the main railway station and has regular services to most of the major cities in the country The city s remaining two railway stations are Europapark and Noord Groningen has six railway routes Groningen Delfzijl Groningen Roodeschool Eemshaven Groningen Leeuwarden Groningen Veendam Groningen Weener Leer Groningen Meppel Zwolle On those six routes ten lines stop at Groningen Groningen North Sauwerd Bedum Stedum Loppersum Appingedam Delfzijl West Delfzijl Groningen Groningen North Sauwerd Winsum Baflo Warffum Usquert Uithuizen Uithuizermeeden Roodeschool Low Service Eemshaven Groningen Zuidhorn Grijpskerk Buitenpost De Westereen Feanwalden Hurdegaryp Leeuwarden Camminghaburen Leewarden Groningen Buitenpost Leewarden Groningen Groningen Europapark Kropswolde Martenshoek Hoogezand Sappemeer Sappemeer oost Zuidbroek Veendam Groningen Groningen Europapark Kropswolde Martenshoek Hoogezand Sappemeer Sappemeer oost Zuidbroek Scheemda Winschoten lower service Bad Nieuweschans Weener Due to a broken bridge trains do not go on to Leer Take a bus from Groningen or Weener Groningen Groningen Europapark Haren Assen Beilen Hoogeveen Meppel Zwolle Groningen Assen Zwolle Amersfoort Centraal Utrecht Centraal Gouda Rotterdam Alexander Rotterdam Centraal Groningen Assen Zwolle Lelystad Centrum Almere Centrum Amsterdam South Schiphol Leiden Centraal Den Haag Centraal The Hague CentraalBuses Groningen has bus lines and Q Link a network of buses similar to a tram metro network City amp Q Link lines 1 Main Station City Center UMCG North Station Groningen North Zernike P R Reitdiep 2 Groningen Europapark UMCG Main Entrance UMCG North Station Groningen North Zernike Station Zuidhorn 3 Lewenborg P R Kardingen Main Station P R Hoogkerk Leek 4 P R Kardingen Main Station P R Hoogkerk Peize Roden 5 Harkstede P R Meerstad UMCG Main Entrance City Centre Main Station P R Haren Zuidlaren Annen 6 P R Haren Main Station UMCG Main Entrance Ten Boer Appingedam Delfzijl 7 De Wijert Main Station Westerhaven Vinkhuizen Paddepoel Station Groningen North 8 P R Hoogkerk Hoogkerk Westerhaven Main Station Groningen Europapark Corpus den Hoorn Martini hospital P R Hoogkerk 9 Eelde Paterswolde Martini hospital Corpus den Hoorn De Wijert Main Station Westerhaven Paddepoel Station Groningen North or Zernike 10 Corpus den Hoorn Martini hospital Main Station Korrewegwijk Station Groningen North 12 Main Station Groningen Europapark Euvelgunne Eemspoort P R Meerstad P R Kardingen 15 Main Station Paddepoel Zernike 18 P R Hoogkerk Vinkhuizen Paddepoel Zernike Q Liner lines 300 Groningen P R Westlaren Zuidlaren P R Gieten P R Borger Emmen 304 Groningen P R Hoogkerk Drachten 309 Groningen Assen Busstation Marsdijk Kloosterveen 312 Groningen P R Haren P R Annen P R Gieten Gasselte Stadskanaal 314 Groningen Drachten 315 Groningen Emmeloord 324 Groningen Emmeloord Night lines 402 Groningen Corpus den Hoorn Paterswolde Eelde Vries Tynaarlo Groningen 406 Groningen Ten Boer Appingedam Delfzijl 417 Groningen P R Hoogkerk Peize Roden Leek P R Hoogkerk Groningen 418 Groningen Haren Zuidlaren Annen P R Gieten P R Annen P R Westlaren P R Haren Groningen 419 Groningen Assen Busstation Marsdijk Station Assen Regional lines 35 Groningen Aduard Oldehove 39 Groningen Vinkhuizen Zuidhorn Grootegast Surhuisterveen 50 Groningen Haren Glimmen Vries Station Assen 51 Groningen Haren Zuidlaren Annen Loon Station Assen 61 Groningen Bedum Middelstum Uithuizen 65 Groningen Winsum Zoutkamp 76 Groningen Hoogezand 85 Lewenborg Groningen Leek Oosterwolde 86 Groningen Peize Norg 88 P R Hoogkerk Oostwold Leek 107 Zernike P R Gieten Gasselte Stadskanaal 109 Zernike Tynaarlo Assen Busstation Marsdijk 133 Groningen P R Hoogkerk Via A7 Grootegast Surhuisterveen 139 Groningen Hoogkerk Grootegast Surhuisterveen 160 Groningen Eemshaven 163 Groningen Winsum Lauwersoog connecting the ferry to Schiermonnikoog 171 Zernike Via A7 Hoogezand Veendam 174 Groningen Hoogezand Zuidbroek Veendam 178 Groningen Slochteren Siddeburen Appingedam limited Service to Appingedam 182 Zernike Drachten 183 Zernike Leek 184 Zernike Roden 189 Groningen Marum Drachten Other lines 563 Lewenborg Thesinge Ten Boer 564 Ten Boer Appingedam 637 Groningen Zuidhorn Grijpskerk Zoutkamp 679 Zernike Winschoten Direct bus routes from Groningen to Bremen Hamburg Berlin and Munich are also available Motorways The A28 motorway connects Groningen to Utrecht via Assen Zwolle and Amersfoort The A7 motorway connects it to Friesland and Zaandam West and Winschoten and Leer East Airport Groningen Airport Eelde Groningen Airport Eelde is an international airport located near Eelde in Drenthe with scheduled services to Guernsey Gran Canaria Antalya Crete Mallorca and Bodrum Notable peopleDirk Jan de Geer 1926Abel Janszoon Tasman 1603 1659 explorer seafarer merchant for the Dutch East India Company Albert Dominicus Trip van Zoudtlandt 1776 1835 lieutenant general at the Battle of Waterloo Geert Adriaans Boomgaard 1788 1899 soldier first validated supercentenarian Heike Kamerlingh Onnes 1853 1926 physicist Nobel laureate Dirk Jan de Geer 1870 1960 statesman and Dutch Prime Minister 1926 29 1939 40 advocated peace settlement between the Netherlands and Nazi Germany in 1940 A W L Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer 1888 1978 last colonial Governor General of the Netherlands East Indies Michel Velleman 1895 1943 Jewish magician Jan Wolthuis 1903 1983 lawyer and collaborator active in far right politics after WWII Esmee van Eeghen 1918 1944 Dutch resistance member executed by the Nazis in Paddepoel Noorddijk Pete Hoekstra born 1953 United States ambassador to the Netherlands former Republican member of Congress representing Michigan s 2nd congressional district Gerard Kemkers born 1967 speed skating bronze medalist at 1988 Winter Olympics Anda Kerkhoven 1919 1945 Dutch resistance member executed by the Nazis near Glimmen Bauke Mollema born 1986 cyclist Kim Feenstra born 1985 model Ben Woldring born 1985 internet entrepreneur Luciano Valente born 2003 professional footballer Noisia music producers Vicetone DJ and music producer duoSee alsoSint Geertruidsgasthuis a hofje in Groningen HunzeReferences CBS Statline kerncijfers cbs nl Burgemeester Mayor in Dutch Gemeente Groningen Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 Retrieved 22 December 2013 Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020 Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020 StatLine in Dutch CBS 24 July 2020 Retrieved 19 September 2020 Postcodetool for 9712HW Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland in Dutch Het Waterschapshuis Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 22 December 2013 Groningen The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Retrieved 1 May 2019 Groningen Archived 1 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine US and Groningen Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press n d Retrieved 1 May 2019 Minicruises to Groningen Holland Norway Lines Archived from the original on 15 September 2022 Retrieved 15 September 2022 Groningen Small City Full of Life University of Groningen 19 September 2016 Retrieved 15 September 2022 Stadsrechten in Groningen en Drenthe 24 July 2011 Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 Retrieved 15 September 2022 van de Broek Jan 2007 Groningen een stad apart over het verleden van een eigenzinnige stad 1000 1600 Assen Koninklijke Van Gorcum p 71 administrator Study in Groningen The Netherlands Study In Holland Retrieved 15 September 2022 Groningen student city Groningen nl Archived from the original on 9 August 2023 Retrieved 15 September 2022 De Navorscher Een middel tot gedachtenwisseling en letterkundig verkeer tusschen allen die iets weten iets te vragen hebben of iets kunnen oplossen in Dutch J C Loman Jr 1855 pp 44 45 John Lothrop Motley 1867 History of the United Netherlands from the Death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort With a Full View of the English Dutch Struggle Against Spain and of the Origin and Destruction of the Spanish Armada John Murray p 270 Nieuwe Groninger encyclopedie in Dutch REGIO PRoject uitgevers 1999 p 317 ISBN 978 90 5028 132 4 Grins II in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal in Dutch 2011 Onze taaltuin in Dutch Vol 5 6 1936 p 187 Helmer Molema 1887 Woordenboek der Groningsche volkstaal in de 19de eeuw in Dutch Mekel p 398 Association for History and Computing International Conference 1995 Structures and Contingencies in Computerized Historical Research Proceedings of the IX International Conference of the Association for History amp Computing Nijmegen 1994 Uitgeverij Verloren p 94 ISBN 90 6550 142 8 Cliff Hague Paul Jenkins 2005 Place Identity Participation and Planning Psychology Press p 109 ISBN 978 0 415 26242 2 Rob Roggema 2 December 2012 Swarming Landscapes The Art of Designing For Climate Adaptation Springer Science amp Business Media p 8 ISBN 978 94 007 4378 6 Pieter C van der Kruit 18 November 2014 Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn Born Investigator of the Heavens Springer p 85 ISBN 978 3 319 10876 6 Alistair Barclay David Field Jim Leary 30 April 2020 Houses of the Dead Oxbow Books p 270 ISBN 978 1 78925 411 2 A A Balkema 1982 Palaeohistoria Vol 32 A A Balkema p 111 ISBN 9789054101369 Martin Dunford Phil Lee 1 March 2007 The Rough Guide to the Netherlands Rough Guides Limited pp 556 575 ISBN 978 1 84836 843 9 Leiv E Breivik Ernst H Jahr 1 June 2011 Language Change Contributions to the Study of its Causes Walter de Gruyter pp 267 270 ISBN 978 3 11 085306 3 DK Eyewitness 7 May 2020 DK Eyewitness The Netherlands Dorling Kindersley Limited pp 448 456 ISBN 978 0 241 46459 5 E O van der Werff Martini Kerk en toren Assen 2003 p 53 F Westra Martinitoren Groningen 2009 p 29 According to an improbable myth the tower would have been 127 m high Clement Cruttwell 1808 The New Universal Gazetteer or Geographical Dictionary Containing a Description of All the Empires Kingdoms States Provinces Cities Towns Forts Seas Harbours Rivers Lakes Mountains and Capes in the Known World with the Government Customs Manners and Religion of the Inhabitants with Twenty eight Whole Sheet Maps Longman Hurst Rees and Orme p 331 J Willoughby Rosse John Blair 1859 An Index of Dates Comprehending the Principal Facts in the Chronology and History of the World from the Earliest to the Present Time Alphabetically Arranged Being a Complete Index to the Enlarged Edition of Blair s Chronological Tables Bell amp Daldy p 871 R Prokhovnik 31 March 2004 Spinoza and Republicanism Palgrave Macmillan UK p 68 ISBN 978 0 230 00090 2 Groningen s links to the Dutch Slave Trade The Northern Times 25 March 2019 Retrieved 15 March 2024 Groningen University of The Independent 22 March 2011 Retrieved 5 August 2020 Major Jeffrey D Noll U S Army 15 August 2014 Restraint In Urban Warfare The Canadian Attack On Groningen Netherlands 13 16 April 1945 Lucknow Books pp 32 66 ISBN 978 1 78289 810 8 Wouter Troost 2005 William III the Stadholder king A Political Biography Ashgate Publishing Ltd p 92 ISBN 978 0 7546 5071 3 Society of Archer Antiquaries 1969 Journal of the Society of Archer Antiquaries Society of Archer Antiquaries p 126 Groningen tourism site Archived 2008 12 10 at the Wayback Machine Conrad Malte Brun 1834 A System of Universal Geography Or A Description of All the Parts of the World on a New Plan According to the Great Natural Divisions of the Globe S Walker p 1095 G J Ashworth 22 November 2017 The Construction of Built Heritage A North European Perspective on Policies Practices and Outcomes Taylor amp Francis pp 87 96 ISBN 978 1 351 74212 2 The weather and surroundings of Groningen FutureLearn Retrieved 14 August 2020 J Smith Homans 1859 A Cyclopedia of Commerce and Commercial Navigation with Maps and Engravings To which is Now Added a Chart of the Bay and Harbor of New York with the Soundings of East River North River Harlem River Newark Bay and New York Bay Harper amp Brothers pp 970 990 Popular encyclopedia 1879 The popular encyclopedia or Conversations Lexicon ed by A Whitelaw from the Encyclopedia Americana pp 468 470 Groningen Netherlands Koppen Climate Classification Weatherbase Weatherbase Retrieved 14 August 2020 William GUTHRIE of Brechin James FERGUSON F R S William Herschel 1794 A new geographical historical and commercial Grammar Fourteenth edition illustrated with a correct set of maps pp 449 451 The Meteorological Magazine Vol 119 H M Stationery Office 1990 p 28 Klimaattabel Eelde langjarige gemiddelden tijdvak 1981 2010 PDF Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute Retrieved 19 May 2022 Eelde gehomogeniseerde langjarige extremen tijdvak 1906 2022 Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute Retrieved 19 May 2022 Number of overnight tourists up to 46 million in 2019 Statistics Netherlands 9 March 2020 Retrieved 7 August 2020 OECD 31 March 2020 OECD Urban Studies The Circular Economy in Groningen the Netherlands OECD Publishing pp 14 24 ISBN 978 92 64 72442 6 Suiker Unie to Concentrate Sugar Production in Dinteloord and Hoogkerk FoodIngredientsFirst com CNS Media 17 January 2008 Retrieved 7 August 2020 CSM beet plant a victim of EU sugar reform ConfectioneryNews 16 March 2017 Retrieved 7 August 2020 Joop W Koopmans 5 November 2015 Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers pp 67 100 ISBN 978 1 4422 5593 7 International Brands and Their Companies Gale Research 1991 p 641 ISBN 978 0 8103 6946 7 Sjors van Leeuwen 2007 Zorgmarketing in de praktijk in Dutch Uitgeverij Van Gorcum p 11 ISBN 978 90 232 4325 0 Andrew C Inkpen Michael H Moffett Kannan Ramaswamy 14 June 2017 The Global Oil amp Gas Industry Stories From the Field PennWell Corporation pp 87 88 ISBN 978 1 59370 381 3 CBS StatLine Bevolking leeftijd herkomstgroepering geslacht en regio 1 januari Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 Retrieved 30 August 2015 CBS Statline opendata cbs nl in Dutch Retrieved 18 November 2023 De religieuze kaart van Nederland 2010 2015 PDF Statistics Netherlands Retrieved 17 June 2021 Kerkelijkheid en kerkbezoek 2010 2013 Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek 2 October 2014 Historisch Genootschap te Groningen 1987 De Historie herzien vijfde bundel Historische avonden in Dutch Uitgeverij Verloren p 73 ISBN 90 6550 309 9 Mah Kenny 30 September 2018 Dutch haven A day in Groningen Malay Mail Retrieved 8 August 2020 Erdener Kaynak Muzaffer Uysal 12 November 2012 Global Tourist Behavior Routledge p 16 ISBN 978 1 136 58641 5 Culture GroningenLife Retrieved 8 August 2020 Hendrik Jan Willem Drijvers Alasdair A MacDonald 1995 Centres of Learning Learning and Location in Pre Modern Europe and the Near East BRILL p 326 ISBN 90 04 10193 4 What where when New tips for Groningen and Leeuwarden The Northern Times Persbureau Tammeling BV 31 May 2019 Retrieved 8 August 2020 Groningen 1946 chessgames com 1 January 2021 Retrieved 4 June 2021 Marietta de Vries 2010 Present 010 Publishers p 278 ISBN 978 90 6450 708 3 Fred Maidment November 2000 International Business 01 02 McGraw Hill Dushkin p 201 ISBN 978 0 07 243344 9 The north and the Frisian Islands Rough Guides Snapshot Netherlands includes Leeuwarden Harlingen Hindeloopen Makkum Sneek and Groningen Rough Guides Limited 25 April 2013 pp 29 36 ISBN 978 1 4093 3543 6 Athina Karatzogianni 17 June 2013 Violence and War in Culture and the Media Five Disciplinary Lenses Routledge p 75 ISBN 978 1 136 50021 3 Rough Guides 1 March 2019 The Rough Guide to the Netherlands Travel Guide eBook Apa Publications UK Limited p 355 ISBN 978 1 78919 527 9 Jeanette M L den Toonder Bettina van Hoven 2012 Re exploring Canadian Space Barkhuis p 13 ISBN 978 94 91431 05 0 Gazaleh Weevers Sheila Shirley Agudo Connie Moser June 2007 Here s Holland Eburon Uitgeverij B V p 261 ISBN 978 90 5972 141 8 Jason Toynbee Byron Dueck 31 March 2011 Migrating Music Routledge p 371 ISBN 978 1 136 90093 8 Living Blues 42 44 ed Living Blues Publications 1979 p 16 Karelse Van der Meer Harm Tilman De Zwarte Hond Raimond Wouda 2005 Dutch Realist NAi Publishers p 187 ISBN 978 90 5662 405 7 Martin Dunford Jack Holland Phil Lee 2000 The Rough Guide to Holland Rough Guides p 256 ISBN 978 1 85828 541 2 Martin Dunford Jack Holland Phil Lee 1997 Holland Rough Guides p 230 ISBN 978 1 85828 229 9 About Eurosonic Noorderslag Eurosonic Noorderslag Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 Retrieved 1 January 2016 Winnaars 2005 2007 Verkiezing Beste Binnenstad Winners 2005 2007 Election Best City Centre in Dutch debestebinnenstad nl Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 Retrieved 15 February 2012 Wind Chris 13 February 2015 Life behind red lights in Groningen HanzeMag Retrieved 9 August 2020 Standings eredivisie nl Eredivisie Archived from the original on 25 April 2021 Retrieved 10 August 2020 FC Groningen pakt eerste KNVB beker in clubhistorie ten koste van PEC NU Het laatste nieuws het eerst op NU nl nu nl in Dutch 4 May 2015 Retrieved 10 August 2020 Netherlands 1990 91 The Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation Retrieved 10 August 2020 10 million Euro orders for Olympic Stadium in Berlin and Euroborg Stadium in Groningen Archived 28 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Imtech 8 April 2004 Club Info FC Groningen FC Groningen in Dutch 27 October 2008 Retrieved 28 June 2016 Naam stadion FC Groningen gaat veranderen in Hitachi Stadion NU 28 June 2018 Retrieved 17 March 2020 Landskampioenen bekerwinnaars en competitiewinnaars in Dutch J dus com Retrieved 16 March 2018 Steven W Coutinho 24 May 2018 Breaking Rank How to lead change when yesterday s stories limit today s choices Steven Coutinho pp 285 295 GGKEY DZLXX5LE9CR 4 Mile of Groningen Campus Groningen 14 October 2018 Retrieved 10 August 2020 Jones Jeff 85th Giro d Italia GT cyclingnews com Retrieved 10 August 2020 Technical Guide Elite PDF energiewachttour nl Archived from the original PDF on 5 September 2013 Retrieved 2 April 2013 Groningen Student City groningen nl Accord of Groningen Archived from the original on 9 August 2023 Retrieved 10 August 2020 Arthur Joseph van Essen 11 November 2013 E Kruisinga A Chapter in the History of Linguistics in the Netherlands Springer p 37 ISBN 978 94 017 5618 1 Jacobs Aletta 1996 Feinberg Harriet ed Memories My Life as an International Leader in Health Suffrage and Peace Translated by Wright Annie English ed New York New York Feminist Press p 15 ISBN 978 1 558 61138 2 European Space Agency 2014 Bulletin Agence Spatiale Europeenne 157 160 ed ESA Publications Division p 84 Arun Agarwal 2008 Nobel Prize Winners in Physics APH Publishing p 80 ISBN 978 81 7648 743 6 Asymmetric oxidation of phenols Atropisomerism and optical activity Archived from the original on 6 January 2015 Retrieved 6 January 2015 Key figures rug nl University of Groningen 14 July 2004 Retrieved 11 August 2020 History Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen Hanze University of Applied Sciences Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 Retrieved 27 January 2013 Programmes hanze nl Hanze University of Applied Sciences Retrieved 18 October 2019 Facts amp Figures hanze nl Hanze University of Applied Sciences Retrieved 18 October 2019 Groningen municipal election 2022 www verkiezingsuitslagen nl in Dutch 16 March 2022 Retrieved 24 June 2024 GemeenteOplossingen Raadsleden Gemeente Groningen gemeenteraad groningen nl in Dutch Retrieved 16 December 2023 Coalitieakkoord Gemeente Groningen gemeente groningen nl Retrieved 16 December 2023 Groningen Partner Cities 2008 Gemeente Groningen Kreupelstraat 1 9712 HW Groningen Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 Retrieved 8 December 2008 Kadernota Internationalisering 2013 2016 PDF gemeente groningen nl in Dutch Groningen p 8 Archived from the original PDF on 22 January 2021 Retrieved 13 August 2020 Twin Towns Graz Online English Version graz at Archived from the original on 8 November 2009 Retrieved 5 January 2010 Kaliningrad Partner Cities 2000 2006 Kaliningrad City Hall Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 Retrieved 8 December 2008 International relations and development cooperation Senatskanzlei UNESCO Welterbe Rathaus Bremen www rathaus bremen de Retrieved 15 September 2022 Pooley Colin G 21 August 2013 Promoting Walking and Cycling New Perspectives on Sustainable Travel Policy Press p 71 ISBN 978 1 4473 1010 5 R Tolley 29 August 2003 Sustainable Transport Elsevier p 522 ISBN 978 1 85573 861 4 Melissa Bruntlett Chris Bruntlett 28 August 2018 Building the Cycling City The Dutch Blueprint for Urban Vitality Island Press pp 43 55 ISBN 978 1 61091 879 4 Annette Becker Stefanie Lampe Lessano Negussie Peter Cachola Schmal 23 April 2018 Ride a Bike Reclaim the City Birkhauser p 12 ISBN 978 3 0356 1525 8 The Environmental Assessment of Traffic Management Schemes A Literature Review Transport Research Laboratory 1995 p 49 Timothy Beatley 26 September 2012 Green Urbanism Learning From European Cities Island Press p 45 ISBN 978 1 61091 013 2 Paul Appleby 12 October 2012 Integrated Sustainable Design of Buildings Routledge p 175 ISBN 978 1 136 53985 5 Fiona Spotswood 26 February 2016 Beyond Behaviour Change Key Issues Interdisciplinary Approaches and Future Directions Policy Press pp 102 104 ISBN 978 1 4473 1756 2 Commission of the European Communities 1994 City and Environment The Commission p 58 ISBN 978 92 826 5902 1 Melia S 2012 Filtered and unfiltered permeability The European and Anglo Saxon approaches Project 4 Halte Groningen Europapark Archived 7 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine in Dutch Stationsweb Retrieved on 25 May 2015 Station Groningen Noord Archived 21 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine in Dutch Stationweb Retrieved 8 December 2015 Spoorkaart 2020 hier te downloaden in Dutch Nieus 23 January 2020 Retrieved 12 August 2020 Rob van Der Bijl Niels Van Oort Bert Bukman 29 June 2018 Light Rail Transit Systems 61 Lessons in Sustainable Urban Development Elsevier Science pp 166 186 ISBN 978 0 12 814785 6 OV in cijfersInteractieve lijnennetkaart in Dutch OV bureau Groningen Drenthe Retrieved 12 August 2020 DK Eyewitness 6 July 2017 DK Eyewitness The Netherlands Dorling Kindersley Limited p 309 ISBN 978 0 241 45190 8 Vincent A Dodd Patrick M Grace 1 June 1989 Agricultural Engineering Proceedings of the 11th International Congress Dublin 4 8 September 1989 CRC Press pp 176 181 ISBN 978 90 6191 980 3 Destinations Groningen Airport Eelde Retrieved 12 August 2020 Bibliography Lourens Piet Lucassen Jan 1997 Inwonertallen van Nederlandse steden ca 1300 1800 Amsterdam NEHA ISBN 9057420082 External linksGroningen at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsTexts from WikisourceResources from WikiversityTravel information from Wikivoyage Official website in Dutch