Clinical behavior analysis (CBA; also called clinical behaviour analysis or third-generation behavior therapy) is the clinical application of behavior analysis (ABA). CBA represents a movement in behavior therapy away from methodological behaviorism and back toward radical behaviorism and the use of functional analytic models of verbal behavior—particularly, relational frame theory (RFT).
Current Models
Clinical behavior analysis (CBA) therapies include acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), behavioral medicine (such as behavioral gerontology and pediatric feeding therapy), community reinforcement approach and family training (CRAFT), exposure therapies/desensitization (such as systematic desensitization), functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP, such as behavioral activation (BA) and integrative behavioral couples therapy), and voucher-based contingency management.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Acceptance and commitment therapy is probably the most well-researched of all the third-generation behavior therapy models.[citation needed] Its development co-occurred with that of relational frame theory, with several researchers such as Steven C Hayes being involved with both. ACT has been argued to be based on relational frame theory. Although this is a matter of some debate within the community, Originally, this approach was referred to as comprehensive distancing. Every practitioner mixes acceptance with a commitment to one's values. These ingredients become enmeshed into the treatment in different ways which leads to ACT being either more on the mindfulness side, or more on the behavior-changing side. ACT has, as of May 2022, been evaluated in over 900 randomized clinical trials for a variety of client problems. Overall, when compared to other active treatments designed or known to be helpful, the effect size for ACT is a Cohen's d of around 0.6, which is considered a medium effect size.
Behavioral Activation
Behavioral activation emerged from a component analysis of cognitive behavior therapy. Cognitive behavior therapy focuses on trying to reverse those negative thoughts that contribute to emotional difficulties such as depression and anxiety. This research found no additive effect for the cognitive component. Behavioral activation is based on a matching law model of reinforcement. A recent review of the research supports the notion that the use of behavioral activation is clinically important for the treatment of depression.
Community Reinforcement Approach and Family Training
Community reinforcement approach and family training (CRAFT) is a model developed by Robert Meyer and based on the community reinforcement approach (CRA) first developed by Nathan Azrin and Hunt. The model focuses on the use of functional behavioral assessment to reduce drinking behavior. CRAFT combines CRA with family therapy.
Functional Analytic Psychotherapy
Functional analytic psychotherapy is based on a functional analysis of the therapeutic relationship. It places a greater emphasis on the therapeutic context and returns to the use of in-session reinforcement. The basic FAP analysis utilizes what is called the clinically relevant behavior (CRB1), which is the client's presenting problem as presented in-session. Client in-session actions that improve their CRB1s are referred to as CRB2s. Client statements, or verbal behavior, about CRBs are referred to as CRB3s. In general, 40 years of research supports the idea that in-session reinforcement of behavior can lead to behavioral change.
Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy
Integrative behavioral couples therapy developed from dissatisfaction with traditional behavioral couples therapy. Integrative behavioral couples therapy looks to Skinner (1966) for the difference between contingency shaped and rule-governed behavior. It couples this analysis with a thorough functional assessment of the couples relationship. Recent efforts have used radical behavioral concepts to interpret a number of clinical phenomena including forgiveness.
Clinical Formulation
As with all behavior therapy, clinical behavior analysis relies on a functional analysis of problem behavior. Depending on the clinical model this analysis draws on B.F Skinner's model of Verbal Behavior or relational frame theory.
Professional Organizations
The Association for Behavior Analysis International has a special interest group in clinical behavior analysis ABA:I. ABA:I serves as the core intellectual home for behavior analysts.
The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT) also has an interest group in behavior analysis, which focuses on clinical behavior analysis.
The Association for Contextual Behavioral Science is devoted to third-generation therapies and basic research on derived relational responding and relational frame theory.
The Behavior Analyst Certification Board (in partnership with subject matter experts) has produced a "Clinical Behavior Analysis" fact sheet.
See also
- Behavioral psychotherapy
References
- Kohlenberg, R. J.; Bolling, M. Y.; Kanter, J. W.; Parker, C. R. (2002). "Clinical behavior analysis: Where it went wrong, how it was made good again, and why its future is so bright" (PDF). The Behavior Analyst Today. 3 (3): 248–53. doi:10.1037/h0099988. ISSN 1539-4352. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
- Blackledge, J.T. (2003). "An Introduction to Relational Frame Theory: Basics and Applications" (PDF). The Behavior Analyst Today. 3 (4): 421–42. doi:10.1037/h0099997. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
- Zettle, Robert D; Hayes, Steven C; Barnes-Holmes, Dermot; Biglan, Anthony, eds. (2015). The Wiley Handbook of Contextual Behavioral Science - Wiley Online Library. doi:10.1002/9781118489857. ISBN 9781118489857. S2CID 147707892.
- Zettle, R.D. (2005). "The Evolution of a Contextual Approach to Therapy: From Comprehensive Distancing to ACT". International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy. 1 (2): 77–89. doi:10.1037/h0100736. S2CID 4835864.
- Hayes, Steven. "Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT)". ContextualPsychology.org.
- "State of the ACT Evidence | Association for Contextual Behavioral Science". contextualscience.org. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
- Lappalainen, R.; Lehtonen, T.; Skarp, E.; Taubert, E.; Ojanen, M. & Hayes, S.C. (2007). "The impact of CBT and ACT models using psychology trainee therapists: A preliminary controlled effectiveness trial". Behavior Modification. 31 (4): 488–511. doi:10.1177/0145445506298436. PMID 17548542. S2CID 21133628.
- Zettle, R.D. & Rains, J.C. (1989). "Group cognitive and contextual therapies in treatment of depression". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 45 (3): 438–45. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198905)45:3<436::aid-jclp2270450314>3.0.co;2-l. PMID 2745733.
- Jacobson, N.S.; Martell, C.R. & Dimidjian, S. (2001). "Behavioral activation treatment for depression: Returning to contextual roots" (PDF). Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 8 (3): 255–70. doi:10.1093/clipsy.8.3.255.
- Cullen, J.M.; Spates, C.R.; Pagoto, S. & Doran, N. (2006). "Behavioral Activation Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Pilot Investigation". The Behavior Analyst Today. 7 (1): 151–64. doi:10.1037/h0100150. S2CID 41079284.
- Spates, C.R.; Pagoto, S. & Kalata, A. (2006). "A Qualitative And Quantitative Review of Behavioral Activation Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder". The Behavior Analyst Today. 7 (4): 508–12. doi:10.1037/h0100089. S2CID 3337916.
- Kohlenberg, R.J.; Tsai, M. (1991). Functional Analytic Psychotherapy. New York: Plenum.
- Wulfert (2002). "Can Contextual Therapies Save Clinical Behavior Analysis?". The Behavior Analyst Today. 3 (3): 254. doi:10.1037/h0099984.
- Cautilli, J.T.; Riley-Tillman, C.; Axelrod, S. & Hineline, P. (2005). "The Role of Verbal Conditioning in Third Generation Behavior Therapy". The Behavior Analyst Today. 6 (2): 138–57. doi:10.1037/h0100152.
- Skinner, B.F. (1969). Contingencies of Reinforcement: A Theoretical Analysis. New York: Meredith Corporation.
- Cordova, J.; Cautilli, J.D.; Simon, C. & Axelrod-Sabtig, R. (2006). "Behavior Analysis of Forgiveness in Couples Therapy" (PDF). International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy. 2 (2): 192–213. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.507.7911. doi:10.1037/h0100776.
- ABA:I
- Twyman, J.S. (2007). "A new era of science and practice in behavior analysis". Association for Behavior Analysis International: Newsletter. 30 (3): 1–4.
- Hassert, D.L.; Kelly, A.N.; Pritchard, J.K. & Cautilli, J.D. (2008). "The Licensing of Behavior Analysts: Protecting the profession and the public". Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention. 5 (2): 8–19. doi:10.1037/h0100415. S2CID 145406830.
- Association for Contextual Behavioral Science
- "Clinical Behavior Analysis". Behavior Analyst Certification Board. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
Clinical behavior analysis CBA also called clinical behaviour analysis or third generation behavior therapy is the clinical application of behavior analysis ABA CBA represents a movement in behavior therapy away from methodological behaviorism and back toward radical behaviorism and the use of functional analytic models of verbal behavior particularly relational frame theory RFT Current ModelsClinical behavior analysis CBA therapies include acceptance and commitment therapy ACT behavioral medicine such as behavioral gerontology and pediatric feeding therapy community reinforcement approach and family training CRAFT exposure therapies desensitization such as systematic desensitization functional analytic psychotherapy FAP such as behavioral activation BA and integrative behavioral couples therapy and voucher based contingency management Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Acceptance and commitment therapy is probably the most well researched of all the third generation behavior therapy models citation needed Its development co occurred with that of relational frame theory with several researchers such as Steven C Hayes being involved with both ACT has been argued to be based on relational frame theory Although this is a matter of some debate within the community Originally this approach was referred to as comprehensive distancing Every practitioner mixes acceptance with a commitment to one s values These ingredients become enmeshed into the treatment in different ways which leads to ACT being either more on the mindfulness side or more on the behavior changing side ACT has as of May 2022 been evaluated in over 900 randomized clinical trials for a variety of client problems Overall when compared to other active treatments designed or known to be helpful the effect size for ACT is a Cohen s d of around 0 6 which is considered a medium effect size Behavioral Activation Behavioral activation emerged from a component analysis of cognitive behavior therapy Cognitive behavior therapy focuses on trying to reverse those negative thoughts that contribute to emotional difficulties such as depression and anxiety This research found no additive effect for the cognitive component Behavioral activation is based on a matching law model of reinforcement A recent review of the research supports the notion that the use of behavioral activation is clinically important for the treatment of depression Community Reinforcement Approach and Family Training Community reinforcement approach and family training CRAFT is a model developed by Robert Meyer and based on the community reinforcement approach CRA first developed by Nathan Azrin and Hunt The model focuses on the use of functional behavioral assessment to reduce drinking behavior CRAFT combines CRA with family therapy Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Functional analytic psychotherapy is based on a functional analysis of the therapeutic relationship It places a greater emphasis on the therapeutic context and returns to the use of in session reinforcement The basic FAP analysis utilizes what is called the clinically relevant behavior CRB1 which is the client s presenting problem as presented in session Client in session actions that improve their CRB1s are referred to as CRB2s Client statements or verbal behavior about CRBs are referred to as CRB3s In general 40 years of research supports the idea that in session reinforcement of behavior can lead to behavioral change Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy Integrative behavioral couples therapy developed from dissatisfaction with traditional behavioral couples therapy Integrative behavioral couples therapy looks to Skinner 1966 for the difference between contingency shaped and rule governed behavior It couples this analysis with a thorough functional assessment of the couples relationship Recent efforts have used radical behavioral concepts to interpret a number of clinical phenomena including forgiveness Clinical FormulationAs with all behavior therapy clinical behavior analysis relies on a functional analysis of problem behavior Depending on the clinical model this analysis draws on B F Skinner s model of Verbal Behavior or relational frame theory Professional OrganizationsThe Association for Behavior Analysis International has a special interest group in clinical behavior analysis ABA I ABA I serves as the core intellectual home for behavior analysts The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies ABCT also has an interest group in behavior analysis which focuses on clinical behavior analysis The Association for Contextual Behavioral Science is devoted to third generation therapies and basic research on derived relational responding and relational frame theory The Behavior Analyst Certification Board in partnership with subject matter experts has produced a Clinical Behavior Analysis fact sheet See alsoBehavioral psychotherapyReferencesKohlenberg R J Bolling M Y Kanter J W Parker C R 2002 Clinical behavior analysis Where it went wrong how it was made good again and why its future is so bright PDF The Behavior Analyst Today 3 3 248 53 doi 10 1037 h0099988 ISSN 1539 4352 Archived from the original PDF on October 8 2011 Retrieved May 23 2010 Blackledge J T 2003 An Introduction to Relational Frame Theory Basics and Applications PDF The Behavior Analyst Today 3 4 421 42 doi 10 1037 h0099997 Archived from the original PDF on April 13 2016 Retrieved August 19 2016 Zettle Robert D Hayes Steven C Barnes Holmes Dermot Biglan Anthony eds 2015 The Wiley Handbook of Contextual Behavioral Science Wiley Online Library doi 10 1002 9781118489857 ISBN 9781118489857 S2CID 147707892 Zettle R D 2005 The Evolution of a Contextual Approach to Therapy From Comprehensive Distancing to ACT International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy 1 2 77 89 doi 10 1037 h0100736 S2CID 4835864 Hayes Steven Acceptance amp Commitment Therapy ACT ContextualPsychology org State of the ACT Evidence Association for Contextual Behavioral Science contextualscience org Retrieved December 5 2016 Lappalainen R Lehtonen T Skarp E Taubert E Ojanen M amp Hayes S C 2007 The impact of CBT and ACT models using psychology trainee therapists A preliminary controlled effectiveness trial Behavior Modification 31 4 488 511 doi 10 1177 0145445506298436 PMID 17548542 S2CID 21133628 Zettle R D amp Rains J C 1989 Group cognitive and contextual therapies in treatment of depression Journal of Clinical Psychology 45 3 438 45 doi 10 1002 1097 4679 198905 45 3 lt 436 aid jclp2270450314 gt 3 0 co 2 l PMID 2745733 Jacobson N S Martell C R amp Dimidjian S 2001 Behavioral activation treatment for depression Returning to contextual roots PDF Clinical Psychology Science and Practice 8 3 255 70 doi 10 1093 clipsy 8 3 255 Cullen J M Spates C R Pagoto S amp Doran N 2006 Behavioral Activation Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder A Pilot Investigation The Behavior Analyst Today 7 1 151 64 doi 10 1037 h0100150 S2CID 41079284 Spates C R Pagoto S amp Kalata A 2006 A Qualitative And Quantitative Review of Behavioral Activation Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder The Behavior Analyst Today 7 4 508 12 doi 10 1037 h0100089 S2CID 3337916 Kohlenberg R J Tsai M 1991 Functional Analytic Psychotherapy New York Plenum Wulfert 2002 Can Contextual Therapies Save Clinical Behavior Analysis The Behavior Analyst Today 3 3 254 doi 10 1037 h0099984 Cautilli J T Riley Tillman C Axelrod S amp Hineline P 2005 The Role of Verbal Conditioning in Third Generation Behavior Therapy The Behavior Analyst Today 6 2 138 57 doi 10 1037 h0100152 Skinner B F 1969 Contingencies of Reinforcement A Theoretical Analysis New York Meredith Corporation Cordova J Cautilli J D Simon C amp Axelrod Sabtig R 2006 Behavior Analysis of Forgiveness in Couples Therapy PDF International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy 2 2 192 213 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 507 7911 doi 10 1037 h0100776 ABA I Twyman J S 2007 A new era of science and practice in behavior analysis Association for Behavior Analysis International Newsletter 30 3 1 4 Hassert D L Kelly A N Pritchard J K amp Cautilli J D 2008 The Licensing of Behavior Analysts Protecting the profession and the public Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention 5 2 8 19 doi 10 1037 h0100415 S2CID 145406830 Association for Contextual Behavioral Science Clinical Behavior Analysis Behavior Analyst Certification Board Retrieved September 14 2022
