The Araucanian languages /ˌærɔːˈkeɪniən/ are a small language family of indigenous languages of the Americas spoken in central Chile and neighboring areas of Argentina. The living representatives of this family are Mapudungun (ISO 639-3: arn) and Huilliche (ISO 639-3: huh), spoken respectively by the Mapuche and Huilliche people. These are usually considered divergent dialects of a single language isolate.
| Araucanian | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Andes of Chile, Argentina |
| Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | arau1255 |
Demographics
It is estimated that there are approximately 200,000 Mapudungu speakers in Chile and 40,000 speakers in Argentina. Huilliche is the native language of a few thousand Chileans.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kunza, Mochika, Uru-Chipaya, Arawak, Pano, Cholon-Hibito, and Kechua language families due to contact.
Internal classification
Mason (1950)
Internal classification of Araucanian languages by Mason (1950):
- Araucanian
- North
- Picunche
- Mapuche
- Pewenche
- Rankel(che)
- Moluche
- South
- Wiliche (Huilliche)
- Wiliche
- Serrano
- Pichi-Wiliche
- Manzanero
- Wiliche
- Veliche (Chilote)
- Chikiyami (Cuncho)
- Leuvuche
- Wiliche (Huilliche)
- East
- Taluhet (Taluche)
- Divihet (Diviche)
- North
Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):
(† = extinct)
- Mapudungun
- Mapudungun, Nuclear
- Mapudungun
- Pewenche
- Mapudungun, Southern: Williche
- Mapudungun, Northern
- †
- Chango †
- Mapudungun, Nuclear
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Mapuche (Araucanian) language varieties.
| gloss | Mapuche | Picunche | Pehuenche | Huiliche | Chilote | Ranquelche |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | kiñe | kiñe | kiñe | kiñe | kenge | kiñe |
| two | epu | epue | epu | epu | epo | epú |
| three | küla | kela | kela | kila | köla | kʔla |
| head | longko | lonko | rlonko | lonkó | ||
| hand | kũ | kúü | kuü | ghechu | keñeu | |
| water | ko | ko | ko | ko | ku | go |
| sun | antu | antü | ante | ante | ánte | ant'ü |
| moon | kuyen | küyén | küyen | kiyen | kién | kiyet |
| maize | voe | wa | wa | waká | wa | |
| bird | gunún | üñem | küñüm | giñum | trarú | |
| dog | thehua | thewa | thewa | trehua | cheuá | |
| jaguar | nahuel | nahuel | nawel | nahuel | naue |
Further reading
- Augusta, F. J. (1966). Diccionario araucano-español y español-araucano: tomo primero: araucano - español. Padre Las Casas: Impr. y Editorial "San Francisco".
- Cañas Pinochet, A. (1911). Estudios de la lengua veliche. In: C. E. Porter (ed.), Trabajos de la III Sección “Ciencias Naturales, Antropo-lógicas y Etnológicas” (Tomo I), 143-330. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Barcelona.
- Erize, E. (1960). Diccionario comentado Mapuche-Español, Araucano, Pehuenche, Pampa, Picunche, Rancülche, Huilliches. Bahía Blanca: Cuadernos del Sur.
- Flury, L. (1944). Guiliches: tradiciones, leyendas, apuntes gramaticales y vocabulario de la zona pampa-araucana. (Publicaciones del Instituto de Arqueología, Lingüistica y Folklore Dr. Pablo Cabrera, 8). Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba
- Hernández Sallés, A.; Luna, C. C. (1997). Diccionario ilustrado Mapudungun- Español-Inglés. Santiago de Chile: Pehuén.
References
- "Araucanian". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
- Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
- Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195094271.
External links
- Ethnologue, Languages of the World: Araucanian
The Araucanian languages ˌ aer ɔː ˈ k eɪ n i e n are a small language family of indigenous languages of the Americas spoken in central Chile and neighboring areas of Argentina The living representatives of this family are Mapudungun ISO 639 3 arn and Huilliche ISO 639 3 huh spoken respectively by the Mapuche and Huilliche people These are usually considered divergent dialects of a single language isolate AraucanianGeographic distributionAndes of Chile ArgentinaLinguistic classificationOne of the world s primary language familiesSubdivisionsMapudungun HuillicheLanguage codesISO 639 3 Glottologarau1255DemographicsIt is estimated that there are approximately 200 000 Mapudungu speakers in Chile and 40 000 speakers in Argentina Huilliche is the native language of a few thousand Chileans Language contactJolkesky 2016 notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kunza Mochika Uru Chipaya Arawak Pano Cholon Hibito and Kechua language families due to contact Internal classificationMason 1950 Internal classification of Araucanian languages by Mason 1950 Araucanian North Picunche Mapuche Pewenche Rankel che Moluche South Wiliche Huilliche Wiliche Serrano Pichi Wiliche Manzanero Veliche Chilote Chikiyami Cuncho Leuvuche East Taluhet Taluche Divihet Diviche Jolkesky 2016 Internal classification by Jolkesky 2016 extinct Mapudungun Mapudungun Nuclear Mapudungun Pewenche Mapudungun Southern Williche Mapudungun Northern Chango VocabularyLoukotka 1968 lists the following basic vocabulary items for Mapuche Araucanian language varieties gloss Mapuche Picunche Pehuenche Huiliche Chilote Ranquelcheone kine kine kine kine kenge kinetwo epu epue epu epu epo eputhree kula kela kela kila kola kʔlahead longko lonko rlonko lonkohand kũ kuu kuu ghechu keneuwater ko ko ko ko ku gosun antu antu ante ante ante ant umoon kuyen kuyen kuyen kiyen kien kiyetmaize voe wa wa waka wabird gunun unem kunum ginum trarudog thehua thewa thewa trehua cheuajaguar nahuel nahuel nawel nahuel naueFurther readingAugusta F J 1966 Diccionario araucano espanol y espanol araucano tomo primero araucano espanol Padre Las Casas Impr y Editorial San Francisco Canas Pinochet A 1911 Estudios de la lengua veliche In C E Porter ed Trabajos de la III Seccion Ciencias Naturales Antropo logicas y Etnologicas Tomo I 143 330 Santiago de Chile Imprenta Barcelona Erize E 1960 Diccionario comentado Mapuche Espanol Araucano Pehuenche Pampa Picunche Ranculche Huilliches Bahia Blanca Cuadernos del Sur Flury L 1944 Guiliches tradiciones leyendas apuntes gramaticales y vocabulario de la zona pampa araucana Publicaciones del Instituto de Arqueologia Linguistica y Folklore Dr Pablo Cabrera 8 Cordoba Universidad de Cordoba Hernandez Salles A Luna C C 1997 Diccionario ilustrado Mapudungun Espanol Ingles Santiago de Chile Pehuen References Araucanian Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required Jolkesky Marcelo Pinho De Valhery 2016 Estudo arqueo ecolinguistico das terras tropicais sul americanas Archived 2021 04 18 at the Wayback Machine Ph D dissertation University of Brasilia Mason John Alden 1950 The languages of South America In Steward Julian ed Handbook of South American Indians Vol 6 Washington D C Government Printing Office Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143 pp 157 317 Loukotka Cestmir 1968 Classification of South American Indian languages Los Angeles UCLA Latin American Center Campbell Lyle 1997 American Indian languages The historical linguistics of Native America Oxford University Press ISBN 0195094271 External linksEthnologue Languages of the World Araucanian
